Regionalism in Africa at the Present Stage

... Meanwhile, the AU summit of February 19, 2023 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, confirmed “zero tolerance” to the NCG. Suspension of membership in the AU and imposing sanctions on “guilty” member states occur with enviable regularity: in 2003, the Central African Republic (CAR) and Guinea-Bissau fell “victim” to the AU sanctions. Mauritania and Togo were sanctioned in 2005, Mauritania and Guinea in 2008, Madagascar and Eritrea in 2009, Cote d'Ivoire and Niger in 2010, Mali and Guinea-Bissau—in 2012; CAR, Egypt and Guinea-Bissau—in ...