... clean energy.
Licensing reactor designs can be an important issue. Developing countries generally lack the necessary expertise to do this, so they have to rely on licensing from nations such as the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Russia and China.
One of the key problems faced by countries of the Global South when planning NPP construction is a lack of funding due to limited state budgets or private resources. Under these circumstances, they are compelled to seek external financing, but securing it is quite difficult when sovereign credit ratings ...
... and Russia do not represent the whole world; there are other major countries and medium-sized countries, and many regional organizations with significant influence, such as ASEAN, the Arab League, the African Union and others; and there is a rising Global South.
China and Russia, for their part, are also exploring their own paths on this issue. Some Russians advocate getting rid of Western concepts and ideas in politics, economy, security and culture, abandoning all Western models, be they globalization, Westernization,...
... US in many instances proved a decisive factor in determining the opportunities and constraints for non-Western countries’ private sectors to maintain economic, technological, financial and other forms of cooperation with Moscow. Even though in the Global South they mostly abstained from subscribing to US and/or EU financial sanctions against Russia, many non-Western countries had to stop serving Russian credit cards.
The pressure of the US financial system affects large countries like China: in order to provide for unrestricted interbank transactions between Moscow and Beijing, the two sides have to move away from the US controlled SWIFT system and to switch to the Chinese CIPS system and the Russian SPFS system. Such a switch is not ...
... the association, as well as its role and position in the international arena, including as an advocate of the interests of the Global South. Of course, the expansion would not have been possible without the responding interest of the countries that applied ... ... large-scale and unprecedented restrictions were imposed on our country. We are reaching record trade levels with Brazil, India and China.
There has been a steady development of the whole range of cooperation in three key areas: politics and security, economy ...
... representative multilateral mechanism, and should endeavor to adapt the United Nations to the changes of the times through rational reforms, to restore its authority, to enhance its effectiveness and to regain its central role in international affairs.
China and Russia, either as a member of the global South or as its partner, should work together with the Global South in the international order building and global governance. The Global South is not an entity and is not clearly defined; it is internally diverse and does not have exactly the ...
... circumvention of UN decisions or contrary to the UN General Assembly.
No less obvious is the revisionism of powers such as Russia or China. It extends to those aspects of the modern international order that are better designed to serve the interests of the United ... ... the local or global level, i.e. in one way or another they are trying to achieve its revision.
In general, the question of the Global South’s significance in world affairs is revisionist in nature, since it consists of revising and correcting the rules ...
... plan.
There is some consensus among Western nations on the most desirable resolution of the conflict. However, some transformations in their positions are not excluded, as partly demonstrated by the international meeting in Jeddah in August 2023.
The Global South embarks upon the path of diplomacy
In August, it became known about the consultations held in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, with the participation of the U.S., the UK, the EU, Turkey, Brazil, India, China and South Africa on the settlement of the Ukrainian conflict. It is noteworthy that representatives of Ukraine attended the meeting, while Russia did not receive an invitation. It became known from open sources that during the event Saudi Arabia ...
... expressing their desire to join the grouping. We are witnessing what may be termed the "BRICS Plus moment" in the evolution of the BRICS bloc as the summit's decisions on expansion are likely to impact not only the development trends across the Global South but also across the entire world economy.
One notable merit in China's determination to expand the current BRICS membership is that it reaffirms the principle of openness of the BRICS as a bloc, including its very core. This expansion in the core membership is likely to be also complemented by other forms of cooperation ...
... trip of Li suggests that Beijing and Moscow are consistently moving to a new model of such cooperation, distinctly different from the existing Western patterns, a model that might look quite appealing to a broad range of international actors in the Global South.
First, both Russia and China prioritize the principle of sovereignty as a foundation of their respective foreign and security policies. This principle sets clear constrains on the two states' willingness to participate to any political or military alliances that could limit ...
... landlocked economies in the world — Kazakhstan and Mongolia — are in-between economies for the two largest countries of Eurasia (China and Russia). In Russia’s case there are also the landlocked CIS economies that border Russia (Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan).... ... financing organizations together with NDB can act in concert in advancing sustainable development and connectivity across the Global South.
In sum, the two dimensions of BRICS geography, namely the intra-continental and the inter-continental expanses of ...
