... National Army and Kurdish-based Syrian Democratic Forces. One should not underestimate deep Russia’s links to the Alawite community in the West of the country.
Of course, the fate of Syria ultimately depends on the Syrians themselves, and neither Turkey, nor Iran nor Russia, nor the United States can have a decisive voice in defining this future. However, the reality is that the country has been for many years a hotbed of international standoff, with powerful foreign partners and sponsors behind every political and ...
... along with raids launched by the Crimean Tatars, were replaced by the Russian state’s struggle with the Ottoman Empire for access to the Black Sea after the unification of the Muscovite Kingdom and the Zaporozhye Army, which then led to a series of RussianTurkey wars. As is commonly known, throughout the period from 1676 until 1918, there were eleven such wars. The events from those centuries have been thoroughly researched [Zhukov, 2009; 2012; Russia and the Black Sea Straits…1999; Kurat, 2011; Finkel,...
..., manganese, limestone, phosphates, marble, salt, gypsum and oil—but will the trio manage to extract them on their own (though jointly) in commercial quantities to gain economic sovereignty, not just political one? Or all hopes are again pinned on Russia, China, Turkey, Iran and other non-Western nations? And if so, is “sovereignty” the right word here? Of course, “dependence” on Russia, for example, would differ from neocolonialism by ensuring “fairness” and “equality between partners,” as evidenced ...
... summit in Astana that he and Russian President Vladimir Putin might send an invitation to Assad for a trilateral meeting. Following this, media reported, citing Turkish
newspaper
Turkiye
, that such a summit could be arranged as early as September in Russia, Iraq or ones of the Gulf states. Turkey was also
mentioned
as an alternative host country.
However, this positive outlook is at odds with the current sharp escalation of tensions, which is characterized by a marked increase in anti-Syrian sentiment in Turkish society along with destabilization ...
... polar regions. The ongoing construction and delivery of innovative and environmentally friendly vessels for Scandinavian countries, Russia, and the EU further solidifies Turkey's role in the polar research community.
How do you access perspectives for Russia-Turkey cooperation in the Arctic? Could you please provide examples of such cooperation? In which spheres it already has a place? What are the areas with the most perspective in your view?
Alina Vernigora:
Coffee Fortune-Telling: Prospects for Turkey ...
... meetings at various levels, notably involving intelligence agency directors and foreign ministers.
Ilya Vedeneyev:
Syria–Turkey Relations: A Road to Normalization
In Moscow in 2023, recent developments hint that normalization between Syria and Türkiye ... ... clans and tribes.
It is evident that achieving reconciliation among all conflicting factions in Syria is the desired outcome for Russia, which is entangled in conflicts with the West and the crisis in Ukraine. Moscow has taken numerous measures to facilitate ...
... turn,
emphasized
the importance of joint coordination with Turkey to achieve stability in Libya and in the entire region. Some Turkish experts even
suggest
formats such as a “Cairo Conference” that would involve different stakeholders, including Russia, Turkey and Egypt, which could contribute to a Libyan settlement.
Turkey, which has had longstanding ties with elite clans in Tripoli and Misrata, has a “permanent presence” at the al-Watiya airbase near Zintan and naval bases in Misrata and Homs, ...
... only the “five-day war” of 2008, but also the “Russian spring” of 2014. Two military escalations in the Karabakh in 2016 and 2020 demonstrated that the positions of Moscow and Washington may paradoxically be closer to one another than those of Russia and Turkey. Today, this looks like fiction, but before the launch of the so-called “European negotiating format” on the Armenian-Azerbaijani settlement in late 2021, European Council President Charles Michel and French President Emmanuel Macron twice ...
... following the 2020 war is Turkey. It has
legitimized
its military presence in the region,
signed
a strategic document with Azerbaijan and successfully
promoted
its "3+3" negotiation format, which was accepted by the key centers of power—Russia and Iran. In other words, the expansion of Turkey's political, diplomatic and military presence in the South Caucasus allows Ankara to impact and sometimes even set the agenda in the region.
The emergence of a new actor such as India may have implications for Turkey in the context of the balance ...
... detriment of Israeli security. On the other hand, the Israeli leadership is under growing pressure from the West and a large part of the Israeli society to provide more support to Ukraine and to distance itself from Moscow. [
6
] This could result in Russian-Israeli relations becoming more bumpy and less predictable in future.
Ilya Vedeneyev:
Syria–Turkey Relations: A Road to Normalization
Nonetheless, any deterioration of this relationship has its limitations, as Russia and Israel need each other—both in the MENA region and globally. The Russian-speaking diaspora in Israel is substantial, and ...
